10 years of research on Kalīla and Dimna: AnonymClassic (ERC Advanced Grant, 2018-2023) and Arabic Literature Cosmopolitan (ALC, funded via DFG Leibniz Prize 2020-2027) jointly are the first-ever comprehensive study of Kalīla and Dimna. This book of wisdom in fable form is a central text of premodern world literature with a spread easily comparable to that of the Gospel. Over the centuries, Kalīla and Dimna was not only translated and copied but perpetually rewritten and rearranged, so that today we are faced with tradition constisting of innumerable versions. The multifaceted transmission involving over forty languages is being systematically studied at Freie Universität Berlin: the research team led by Beatrice Gruendler and Isabel Toral is developing a synoptic edition to analyze the fluid text corpus of Kalīla and Dimna.
TIMELINE
Currently Work in Progress
Currently Work in Progress
Currently Work in Progress
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Events
What we are interested in
Data Management Profiling
The Kalīla and Dimna research project has served as a kind of pilot program for sustainable data management practices within the broader research community. In simplified terms, the objective to assemble a large corpus of digitized manuscripts (mostly in Arabic) of the book Kalīla and Dimna meant to develop a software platform for analyzing those manuscripts and creating textual editions based on them. There are, it should go without saying, many challenges associated with such a project—one of which is data management.
Project Publications
Whenever possible, publications by the Kalila and Dimna research team and partner are being made available via Freie Universität Berlin’s institutional repository REFUBIUM. This transparency extends also to the research bibliography the team has built. Click below to access.
Kalīla and Dimna Research Bibliography
The Kalīla and Dimna Research Bibliography is the most comprehensive reference collection on the subject and is available in Open Access. The Research Bibliography contains over 2,100 bibliographical entries, on topics related to Kalīla and Dimna, 122 of which are Arabic manuscripts alone.
Persian Kalīla and Dimna
Persian is one of the key languages in the global textual tradition of Kalīla and Dimna. This is true whether we mean Middle Persian (also known as Pahlavi) or New Persian (which we call simply Persian). According to the traditional origin story of Kalīla and Dimna, the book began its life in Sanskrit; was brought to Iran and translated/adapted into Middle Persian in the Sasanian period; and was, from that basis, translated into Syriac and Arabic—the latter at the hands of Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (d. ca. 757 CE), an ethnic Persian secretary at the Umayyad and Abbasid courts. All subsequent versions derive from the Arabic.
How the AnonymClassic logo was created
The graphic of the project logo "AnonymClassic" is set in type "B Esfehan Bold", a modern adaptation of the Arabic Kufi script. It combines the Arabic initials of "Kalila and Dimna" (Kāf and Dāl). Both symbols, in the style of Arabic calligraphy, are combined to form a compact shape that is simultaneously open at the top and left.
Anonymous
Who was the author or the authors of Kalila and Dimna? The question of authorship is indeed an intriguing one. Kalīla and Dimna, it is true, belongs to a broad group of translations from Sanskrit (via Middle Persian) to Arabic of works that had been transmitted orally over centuries and have no known authors.
How to use a book
When he adapted the Middle Persian version of Kalīla and Dimna, at a time when the book was a newly introduced data carrier in Arabic-Islamic culture, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (d. 757) found it necessary to accompany this with a preface to explain what a book was for, and this book in particular. According to Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, reading was a serious endeavor, and to be done mindfully, even though he envisaged different ways of reading by different audiences.
Digital reconstruction
The manuscript Rabat MM 3655 is one of many treasures of the Royal Library of Morocco. It has been dated by Bernard O'Kane (Early Persian Painting, London 2013) to the second part of the thirteenth century (between 1265 and 1280), which makes it one of the oldest codices of Kalīla and Dimna.
Image cycles
Illustrations are an essential element in the textual history of Kalīla and Dimna; they do not only increase the material value of manuscripts, but also provide an important source of information for their date and place of production and their relation to other manuscripts.
Cultural translation
When Kalila wa Dimna was read, copied, translated and rewritten in more than 40 languages, the structure and content underwent significant transformations, since it had to be transferred into very diverse linguistic, cultural and religious contexts. To approach these complexities adequately, AnonymClassic views translation as an active process of acculturation and adaptation, i.e. as cultural translation.
Copyist-coauthors
AnonymClassic understands the variations in Kalīla and Dimna as being part of its textual history. Its multiple and diverse versions make Kalīla and Dimna an oscillating text that calls for a redefinition of the notion of “copyist” in Arabic literary culture.
Marginal notes
Marginal notes, a common ingredient of Arabic manuscripts, are not frequent in the circa 100 manuscripts of Kalila wa-Dimna so far identified.
Indirect transmission
Short citations of Kalīla and Dimna have been identified in thirty classical works. The 9th-century century History (Ta’rikh) by Ya’qubi (d. 897), even provides an entire table of contents with a brief summary and the didactic purpose of each chapter and constitutes an early witness for the shape of the book as a whole.
World literature
AnonymClassic will challenge the prevalent Western theoretical lens on world literature conceived ‘from above’ confronting it with the view ‘from below,’ based on the attested cross-cultural network constituted by the many versions of this text that circulated beyond religious, linguistic, and cultural boundaries. AnonymClassic will thus introduce a new paradigm of an East-Western literary continuum with Arabic as a cultural bridge.
Syriac text versions and tradition
We know of a Syriac-Aramaic translation/redaction of the lost Middle Persian copy, and there is a Syriac-Aramaic version of a rather early Arabic text variant. Comparative analysis will lead to an insight into tradition and early stages of the book.
Theory of fictive writing
Kalīla and Dimna was a paradigmatic work of Classical Arabic belles-lettres. To understand this text's reception, we must understand how readers theorized fictive writing and how they situated this text vis-à-vis other kinds of fictive writing.
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Image Credit: Leaf 396 of Manchester, John Rylands Library, Persian MS 68, dated 616/1219.
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Image Credit: Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS arabe 3477
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Image Credit: Rabat 3655 PDF page 4, Bibliothèque Royale of Rabat
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Image Credit: Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS arabe 3465, fol. 55r
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Image Credit: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Wetzstein II 672 KD, folio 13v
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Image Credit: München Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. Arab. 616, fol. 94r
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Image Credit: Kalila and Dimna — AnonymClassic, Freie Universität Berlin, Advanced Grant funded by the European Research Council (ERC)
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Image Credit: Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS arabe 3467 66v
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Image Credit: Photo by Nathan Dumlao on Unsplash
Who we are
Mathea Glaubitz
Mathea Glaubitz holds a BA in Comparative Literature and Business Administration as well as a MA in Comparative Literature from Freie Universität Berlin. She worked as a student researcher for the project "Zukunftsphilologie: Revisiting the Canon of Textual Scholarship" initiated by Freie Universität and the Forum Transregionale Studien and directed by Prof. Dr. Islam Dayeh.
Albert Schlosser
Albert Schlosser is a student of Arabic Studies at Freie Universität Berlin; he has spent over two years abroad in Tunisia for his Arabic language formation (Sousse University). In his academic research he focuses on literary writings in Arabic of the late Abbasid period.
At the Kalīla and Dimna research team, Albert Schlosser is responsible for manuscript transcriptions. His particular expertise is manuscripts written in Garshuni script.
Ulrich Marzolph
Ulrich Marzolph served most of his professional life as a member of the editorial committee of the German-language Enzyklopädie des Märchens and adjunct professor of Islamic Studies at the Georg-August-University at Göttingen. His main area of interest is the study of Middle Eastern Muslim narrative culture. At the end of his career, he conducted his own research project, published in 2020 as 101 Middle Eastern Tales and Their Impact on Western Oral Tradition. Retired since 2019, he is currently working to finalize a number of research projects related to the study of Middle Eastern popular literature.
Rachel Peled Cuartas and Ulpán Hebreo Sefarad
Rachel Peled Cuartas works on the Hebrew versions of Kalīla and Dimna and Barlaam and Josaphat (The Prince and the Monk), translating them to Spanish and English. She is founder, co-director and teacher of Ulpán Hebreo Sefarad and its Translation Workshop, Madrid, closely cooperating with Carlos Santos Carretero.
Oualid El Khattabi
Oualid El Khattabi is responsible for the manuscript transcription team as well as the near-verbatim English translations for the Digital Edition.
Dima M. Sakran
Dima M. Sakran is a student researcher, she works on manuscript codicology data and their implementation in the project’s Digital Edition.
Agnes Kloocke
Project coordinator Agnes Kloocke is responsible for project and budget management as well as project events and public relations.
Ruslan Pavlyshyn
Ruslan Pavlyshyn is Ertegun Scholar at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford (Pembroke College), graduating in Islamic Studies and History.
Marwa M. Ahmed
Marwa M. Ahmed is responsible for the programming of the Preview Edition and all tasks related to the project’s Digital Humanities workflow.
Pascal Belouin
Pascal currently works as an IT Architect for Department III of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG), where he is responsible for the design and development of RISE & SHINE, a software suite for the secure decentralised exchange of open and licensed digital resources and which aims to facilitate and streamline humanities research through the use of digital tools.
Michael Fishbein
Lecturer in Arabic (retired), Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of California Los Angeles
Knowledge, Information Technology, and the Arabic Book (KITAB)
KITAB provides a digital tool-box and a forum for discussions about Arabic texts. We wish to empower users to explore Arabic texts in completely new ways and to expand the frontiers of knowledge about one of the world’s largest and most complex textual traditions.
Yoones Dehghani Farsani
As a visiting scholar associated with the AnonymClassic project both in 2019 and 2020, Yoones Dehghani has since expanded his research on the Kalīla and Dimna tales to 6th century China.
Rima Redwan
Junior researcher Rima Redwan explores the manuscript illustrations within Kalila and Dimna traditions. She earned her MA in Arabic Studies specializing in manuscript studies.
Mahmoud Kozae
Mahmoud Kozae provides the conceptual and computational framework for the project's Digital Edition .
Johannes Stephan
Johannes Stephan explores the indirect transmission of Kalila wa-Dimna in Arabic from the 9th century onwards, focussing on the significance of linguistic variations and registers.
Khouloud Khalfallah
Khouloud Khalfallah curates the codicological analyses of the Arabic manuscript versions as well as the digital manuscript archive.
Theodore S. Beers
Theodore S. Beers, Persian and Arabic philologist, focusses on the transmission, translation, and continual reworking of material connected to Kalīla wa-Dimna, with particular regard to the interplay between the Arabic and Persian traditions.
Isabel Toral
Isabel Toral, deputy PI, focuses on aspects of fictional storytelling and cultural translation.
Beatrice Gruendler
Beatrice Gruendler is the Principal Investigator of the project. Both her philological expertise as well as her interest in Digital Humanities in the field of Arabic philology and Non-Latin Script Data are at the core of her research.
Asmaa Essakouti
Asmaa Essakouti is a Postdoc researcher focusing on Premodern and Modern Arabic literature, Maqāmāt, Adab, Narratology, Fiction, and Nahda.
Her PhD thesis entitled ‘‘Realms of Strangers: Readers, Language, and Trickery in Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī” won her the admission to BGSMCS - Berlin Graduate School Muslim Cultures and Societies, and was additionally funded by a DAAD research grant. Asmaa Essakouti holds a master’s degree in Comparative Literature from the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies (“The genealogy of Voice; The book of those Without a Book”), as well as an MA in Arabic literature by the Moulay Ismail University, Morocco ("Metafiction and Question of Pleasure").
István Kristó-Nagy
Senior Lecturer in Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter, England.
Ignacio Sánchez
Ignacio Sánchez, PhD (2012), University of Cambridge, is Senior Research Fellow at the University of Warwick. He has published on Arabic literature, institutional history, medieval geography, and medicine, and contributed to the new edition/translation of Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa’s ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ (E. Savage-Smith et al., A Literary History of Medicine, Brill, 2019). His current project, Streamlining Galen, funded by the Wellcome Trust, focuses on the transmission of Galenic texts in the form of summaries. He is also editor of the section of history of science in The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three, and executive editor of the journal Endowment Studies.
Pegah Shahbaz
Pegah Shahbaz is Research Associate at the Asian Institute, Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy – University of Toronto, an Associate Member of the Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur l’Inde, l’Asie du Sud et sa Diaspora (CERIAS) at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) and the Section Editor of the Fables and Tales Chapter of the Perso-Indica Project. She specializes in Persian literature and works on questions of narratology, translation, and systems of knowledge transmission in the Persianate World, in particular the reception and domestication of Indian religious and cultural heritage in Persianate literary culture of Iran and Central and South Asia.
Jan van Ginkel
Jan has for many years been working on various Syriac projects at various universities. One central topic in most of these projects is Syriac as a bridge culture in the Middle east. Within the SFB 980 "Episteme in motion" J. van Ginkel works on the subproject "Verses and Sayings. Impetus and Range of Scholarly and Popularising Discourses in the Arabic World".
Matthew L. Keegan
Until July 2019, Matthew L. Keegan worked on the theorization of fictive writing in pre-modern Arabic. He holds a PhD from New York University and an M.Phil from the University of Cambridge, UK, and is now the Moinian Assistant Professor in Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures at Barnard College of Columbia University.
CeDiS
The Center for Digital Systems (CeDiS) is the competence center for e-learning, e-research and multimedia at the University Library of Freie Universität Berlin. CeDiS supports all university institutions in the use of digital media and technologies in teaching and research.
Bibliotheca Arabica
Bibliotheca Arabica is dedicated to research on Arabic literatures dating from the years 1150 to 1850 CE, and combines literary and manuscript studies. Within this defined period of investigation, Bibliotheca Arabica focusses on literary production, transmission, and reception, and sets these in relation to the political and social transformations that were taking place at that time.
Kalîla wa Dimna BnF
The research programme "Tradition manuscrite et transmission iconographique : les manuscrits à peintures de Kalîla wa Dimna à la Bibliothèque nationale de France" aims at the description and interpretation of the Arabic, Persian and Turkish manuscripts of Kalila wa Dimna preserved in the Department of Manuscripts of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
LERA, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
LERA is an interactive, digital tool for analyzing variations between multiple versions of a text in a synoptic manner with several differences to other well-known collation tools. It was first developed for printed texts of the French Enlightenment within the SaDA-project at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and since then adopted to other texts and languages
The Humboldt Chair of Digital Humanities at the University of Leipzig
Seeing in the rise of Digital Technologies an opportunity to re-assess and re-establish how the humanities can advance the understanding of the past and to support a dialogue among civilizations.
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The AnonymClassic project receives funding from the European Research
Council under the European Union’s Horizon2020 programme; project ID: 742635
Website created, designed, and maintainted by Victoria Mummelthei.