Department of History and Cultural Studies

The AnonymClassic project under direction of Prof. Dr. Beatrice Gruendler discusses the project’s findings in an online series in July 2020, hosted by Columbia Global Centers Amman.

To give an overall impression of the project's and seminar's social media activities, we have introduced a social media wall to our on-going scholarly communication activities.

AnonymClassic takes scholarly communication and disemmination of research progress seriously. Therefore, one of our fellows has taken on the task to maintain the Twitter account and website of the project in order to give a clear and up-to-date idea of our research activities not only to fellow researchers but also to the interested public.

Medieval Arabic literature (adab) is full of animals. The most famous example is Kalila wa-Dimna, a collection of stories about talking animals and humans. This text is usually described as "fables" or as a Mirror for Princes (Fürstenspiegel). However, the rich diversity of animal stories beyond Kalila wa-Dimna and the role these animal stories play in the broader adab tradition are not well understood.

The graphic of the project logo "AnonymClassic" is set in type "B Esfehan Bold", a modern adaptation of the Arabic Kufi script. It combines the Arabic initials of "Kalila and Dimna" (Kāf and Dāl). Both symbols, in the style of Arabic calligraphy, are combined to form a compact shape that is simultaneously open at the top and left.

Who was the author or the authors of Kalila and Dimna? The question of authorship is indeed an intriguing one. Kalīla and Dimna, it is true, belongs to a broad group of translations from Sanskrit (via Middle Persian) to Arabic of works that had been transmitted orally over centuries and have no known authors.

When he adapted the Middle Persian version of Kalīla and Dimna, at a time when the book was a newly introduced data carrier in Arabic-Islamic culture, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (d. 757) found it necessary to accompany this with a preface to explain what a book was for, and this book in particular. According to Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, reading was a serious endeavor, and to be done mindfully, even though he envisaged different ways of reading by different audiences.

The manuscript Rabat MM 3655 is one of many treasures of the Royal Library of Morocco. It has been dated by Bernard O'Kane (Early Persian Painting, London 2013) to the second part of the thirteenth century (between 1265 and 1280), which makes it one of the oldest codices of Kalīla and Dimna.

Illustrations are an essential element in the textual history of Kalīla and Dimna; they do not only increase the material value of manuscripts, but also provide an important source of information for their date and place of production and their relation to other manuscripts.

Kalīla and Dimna was not only widely copied in the pre-modern period. It was also adapted and reconceived by dozens of other authors. The rich and diverse tradition of writing about talking animals beyond Kalīla and Dimna is not well known, but these adaptations informed how readers and copyists thought about Kalīla and Dimna. The May 2019 workshop, entitled "Animals, Adab, and the Abbasid Fictive Tradition," seeks to bring together leading scholars of animal writing in the Adab tradition to further explore this tradition of writing.

When Kalila wa Dimna was read, copied, translated and rewritten in more than 40 languages, the structure and content underwent significant transformations, since it had to be transferred into very diverse linguistic, cultural and religious contexts. To approach these complexities adequately, AnonymClassic views translation as an active process of acculturation and adaptation, i.e. as cultural translation.

AnonymClassic understands the variations in Kalīla and Dimna as being part of its textual history. Its multiple and diverse versions make Kalīla and Dimna an oscillating text that calls for a redefinition of the notion of “copyist” in Arabic literary culture.

Marginal notes, a common ingredient of Arabic manuscripts, are not frequent in the circa 100 manuscripts of Kalila wa-Dimna so far identified.

Short citations of Kalīla and Dimna have been identified in thirty classical works. The 9th-century century History (Ta’rikh) by Ya’qubi (d. 897), even provides an entire table of contents with a brief summary and the didactic purpose of each chapter and constitutes an early witness for the shape of the book as a whole.

AnonymClassic will challenge the prevalent Western theoretical lens on world literature conceived ‘from above’ confronting it with the view ‘from below,’ based on the attested cross-cultural network constituted by the many versions of this text that circulated beyond religious, linguistic, and cultural boundaries. AnonymClassic will thus introduce a new paradigm of an East-Western literary continuum with Arabic as a cultural bridge.

Using LERA, instances of chapters from multiple manuscripts can be collated for close reading and comparison. Furthermore, selectable filters can be used for automatic detection of text variations some of which can be adjusted as in the shown example from the chapter “The Ascetic and His Guest,” in which words receive unique colorings if exclusively shared between exactly two manuscripts.

We know of a Syriac-Aramaic translation/redaction of the lost Middle Persian copy, and there is a Syriac-Aramaic version of a rather early Arabic text variant. Comparative analysis will lead to an insight into tradition and early stages of the book.

Kalīla and Dimna was a paradigmatic work of Classical Arabic belles-lettres. To understand this text's reception, we must understand how readers theorized fictive writing and how they situated this text vis-à-vis other kinds of fictive writing.